Telecommunication and Networking

Telecommunication and Networking

Apakah telekomunikasi?

Telekomunikasi ialah satu teknologi yang digunakan oleh semua lapisan umur untuk menyampaikan sesuatu maklumat kepada orang lain yang berjauhan dengan kita. Maklumat disampaikan melalui beberape cara,

Contohnyer : menggunakan radio,television,telefon,email,facebook,manusia tu sendiri dan banyak lagi cara yang boleh kite gunekan tok komunikasi.

Ada 6 elemen komputer dan teknologi komunikasi

1)      People

a.       peopleware- user of the computer

b.      most important elements in communication

c.       built, analyse, and develop the system.

d.      operate the computer

       

Ø  Two categories of people involved in computer and telecommunication

(a)    Professional

                                                                     i.            Those who have gone true specialised  training  in theory and technical aspects

                                                                   ii.            e.g.  : programmer, computer engineer, etc

(b)   End user

                                                                     i.            Those who only knows how to use without special training in the field.

                      e.g.  : clerks, teachers, etc

2)      Prcedure

a)      An ordered set of tasks for performing some action

b)      A clear specification for the sequence, timing, execution, etc. of a process.

c)       A procedure is a specification of the series of actions, acts or operations which have to be executed in the same manner in order to obtain always the same result in the same circumstances (for example, emergency procedures). 

3)      Data/information

a)      Information stored on the computer system, used by applications to accomplish tasks

b)      A representation of facts, concepts, or instructions in a formalized manner suitable for communication, interpretation, or processing by humans or by automated means.

c)       Data is fundamentally any information of interest, but these days, the word data implies a binary, machine-readable representation of information.

d)      A representation of facts or concepts in an organized manner in order that it may be stored, communicated, interpreted, or processed by automated means

e)      Unit for data

                                                                     i.            Bit

                                                                   ii.            Byte

                                                                  iii.            Kilobyte (KB) – 2^10 bytes/1000 bytes

                                                                 iv.            Megabyte (MB) – 1 milion bytes

                                                                   v.            Gigabyte (GB) – 1 bilion bytes

                                                                 vi.            Terabyte (TB) – 1 trillion bytes

4)      Hardware

a)      hardware-refers to any physical objects that are part of the computer system

b)      The basic operations of a computer systems are : IPOS

c)       Computers needs hardware to operates

d)      5 categories of ICT equipments/devices:

                                                         i.            Input

                                                       ii.            Process                                

                                                      iii.            Output

                                                     iv.            Storage

                                                       v.            Communication

5)      Sofware

a)      software-refers to instructions that controlls the functioning of the computer.

b)      The instructions executed by a computer, as opposed to the physical device on which they run.

c)       Software refers to parts of the computer that have no material form; programs, data, protocols, etc are all software. When software is stored in hardware that cannot easily be modified (such as BIOS ROM in an IBM PC compatible), it is sometimes termed firmware to indicate that it falls into an area of uncertainty between hardware and software.

d)      A computer program is a collection of instructions that describe a task, or set of tasks, to be carried out by a computer.

6)      Communication/connectivity

a)      Communication

b)      transmission of data (electronic data)

c)       Conversion of data analog–to-digital digital-to-analog

Semue elemen ni kne amik tau and masuk exam ok….hehehehe…kate dr dayang la…